The Introspection And Behaviorism Movements - 1323 Words

The introspection and behaviorism movements in psychology both had certain flaws and limitations that did not allow them to examine underlying cognitive processes. However, their flaws in studying psychology were on opposite sides of the same coin. The reconciliation of these two flawed fields, along with some other methods, led to the â€Å"cognitive revolution† and the eventual emergence of cognitive psychology (Cognition, p. 13) First, the introspection movement, led by Wundt and Titchener, sought to study the mind by having each individual â€Å"introspect† and record their own thoughts and experiences (Cognition, p. 9). This movement had participants train in the proper way to perform and document this introspection, but since so much of a†¦show more content†¦12). However, they will likely not respond with the correct behavior to a nonsense sentence that rhymes with the correct stimulus. This provides evidence of the fact that people are not reacting solely to the stimulus itself, but rather the interpretation and meaning given to the stimulus by the person’s thoughts, memories, and previous experiences. Therefore, the field of behaviorism, which produced credible, reproducible data, but completely ignored the subject’s underlying motivations for behavior, was flawed in an opposite way from introspection. The â€Å"cognitive revolution† provided a way to create a field that would combine the best parts of introspection and behaviorism, without either of their fatal flaws. The transcendental method, developed by Immanuel Kant in the 1700s, proposed beginning with observable phenomena and working backward to investigate why those processes may be occurring (Cognition, p. 13). By adopting this method of taking objective, observable behaviors, and working backward to provide possible explanations for these behaviors, cognitive psychology was able to come into its own as a science. The working memory system is what allows people to carry out basic everyday tasks, such as reading. Working memory holds small bits of information in a form that can be stored for brief periodsShow MoreRelatedFather Of Behaviorism : Broadus Watson935 Words   |  4 PagesFather of Behaviorism: Broadus Watson During the late 19th century and early 20th century, psychology was defined as the study of the human mind had an emphasis on introspection (Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2015). After this period of time, psychologists began to criticize the validity of introspection as a method of study (McLeod, 2008). This doubt sparked new ideals and lead the field of psychology to be revolutionized. 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Management and Leadership and Power and Politics

Question: Discuss about the . Answer: Introduction: Leadership and culture are the most important factors that affect the organizational behavior from top to low managerial level. It is the duty of the leader in the 21st century to manage the conflicts to overcome the growing issues. Employees do look at the leader to understand the way to deal with conflict. The leader has an opportunity to model conflict prevention and management program in order to resolve the perspective issue that might arise at the workplace. A good example in the field of role of leader in an organization is given by Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz. The motive of sending the Memo to the employees is a proactive step in order to boost their morale. The memo was sent out to due to drastic dip in the stock market. Schultzs memo was planned to boost up employee morale during a traumatic time. The motive behind sending the message to Starbucks employees is to keep away from augmented stress and conflict on-the-job (Roose.2015). Schultz proved to put a positive impact by utilizing the opportunity to exercise positive influence on the mind of employees, stimulating them to progress their customer service in order to enhance the productivity. A leader affects the organizational culture in many ways by inspiring his employees. There is a direct relationship in between positive leadership and the culture of the organization. Starbucks motivates an optimistic work culture with employees involvement. Starbucks is one of the successful businesses in the world with its CEO Hoard Schultz. The company is driven by the leadership stature based on Howard Schultz. According to the leadership theory formulated in the year 1978 there are two types of Leaders: transactional and transformational. Howard Schultz follows a transformational form of leadership system where he encourages the members to develop as an individual and as a team and to work towards achieving objectives. He ensures that there is trust among the people towards the company (Michelli, 2006). The given case study relates to Schultz message to employees in order to manage conflicts occurring in global atmosphere due to dip in share prices. An effective leader has a responsibility to address the problems in advance. It is his duty to address employees in order to motivate them to enhance productivity. On his memo to employees regarding customer satisfaction he reflected the necessity to provide an everlasting experience to them through effective services. As per Schultz a single negative review by the customer affects the brand image. According to him the brands which focus upon building a strong brand image succeed on a long run. Starbucks focus on providing the best to overcome adversities caused due to role of politics at workplace (Starbucks CEO Howard Schultzs memo to employees.2008). Effect of Management Leadership on Organizational Culture Overall global changing scenario has created an urgency of the role of an Effective management team in order to shape leadership skills (Morais. Et al, 2014). Power and politics in todays business scenario plays an enormous role. In the given situation it is the role of the leader to promote interest of the employees in favor of the organization. In businesses the impact of power depends on employees whether they are using positive or negative influence at workplace. Politics openly manipulate those who have power and determination regarding the overall culture of the workplace supports output. Leadership with time has become unconscious and automotive deed. The culture at Starbucks is robust as built by the Schultz that motivates cohesive atmosphere. Leaders are held responsible for making several important decisions about an issue. Decision regarding a serious cultural change is taken under enormous pressure. The process of making decisions is made through the experiences and encou nter with the multiple circumstances (Roose.2015). In the given situation Howard Schultz has established a positive impact on the mind of the employees. The role of a transformational leader is to encourage towards positivity. His approach is proactive in nature and compiles all the necessary steps need to be taken in order to overcome complicated situations. According to his approach conflicts need to be addressed at a low level to avoid major conflict. To avoid such a situation Starbucks has created a multi-disciplinary atmosphere giving an equal preference to each task. Role of Leadership in managing disputes A transformational leader is the one who bring confidence and respect among the people. He is a charismatic leader and followers tend to accept the changes bought buy him. Schultz has a charismatic personality that motivates the other employees in shaping the future of the organization. Starbucks is known across the world as an example for efficient leadership practice. Employees are constantly motivated to provide effective result. A leader acts as a motivator and imbibes the culture in the employees and the organization through working as a team player. Howard Schultz is filled with positivity. He has inspired everyone across the company to work ethically for the well-being of the organization. Moreover he believes in hiring efficient employees who will help in achieving the targets. His way of working is different from the other leaders as he challenges the inner capability of every individual. He is inspirational communicators who believe in inspiring the managerial team. There a re more than 20,000 stores across the globe who are delivering consistent coffee (Our Company, 2016). He has a goal to deliver consistent customer care service and Starbucks products in all the stores. He takes a good care of the employees because they are the most important asset to the organization. He believes in listening to the employees carefully and promise to resolve the disputes by stabilizing the schedule. Employees motivation is essential to attain high productivity. His effect is easily visible on the employees way of conducting business. He plays an inspiring role in managing the disputes occurring in the organization while inspiring a cohesive organizational culture. According to Schultz Respect for culture is necessary and it is preferred to encourage diversity by the organization in order to achieve the result. Starbucks is open for the supplier who belongs to a diversified communities and consistently working for the economic development of the communities as a whole (Business Ethics and Compliance, 2016). Schultz role on Organizational culture The whole decision making process is due to interconnection in between the various variable patterns that are essential for the organization. The quality of a successful leader is that he is an efficient decision maker (Schein, 2010). A leader like Schultz is known around the world for his exuberant vision. His proactive nature in dealing with the issues has helped in developing a positive impact not only on the employees but also on the mind of the society. Their understanding to deal with the pressure associated with the decision making process is extremely spontaneous and strategic. The role of senior management in dealing with the issues is due to Schultz positive way of business. A Successful leader like him uses his knowledge to attain consistent result and know techniques to handle pressure. The leadership model focused by him is comprised of handling situation under accumulated pressure and finding out the best solution an efficient leader motivates the other employee to over come their fear and lead as an inspiration for the other people. It is the general tendency of people to follow a strong person who helps them in achieving unattainable targets (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee, 2013). Role of power/authority to lead and manage the organization Global business situation is changing and sudden fluctuation in the stock price has demotivated the overall morale of the employees and the customers. Politics in an organization is an inseparable part. Moreover it affects the internal management and culture of the organization. Schultz understands his role to meet the issues occurring in the organization to be addressed at priority. Schultz through his power has leaded the organization towards attainment of different goal which has helped in developing a friendly work environment. Customer satisfaction is the primary motive at Starbucks which is inculcated in each of the employee. Internal politics however hamper the growth that is managed by the management by redressing the issues. The atmosphere of negative politics is avoided by Schultz at workplace. Starbucks operates while promoting a positive culture at workplace. The role of management is to remove the issues at first hand by directing the issues. In the given situation Schul tz through his leadership skills has motivated by mentioning about the employees promise to customer service. Tactics used by him to seek attention of the employees and the senior management can do wonder while addressing serious issues caused due to change in global business environment. According to him those Organizations that promote climates of negativity and conflict are the real sufferer. Employees who are encouraged to connect in deceitful or unprincipled behavior might face decrease in productivity and a higher turnover rates. Effect of Office Politics on the Organizational Culture Resolving a conflict is a major part of Starbucks organizational culture to attain efficiency. Team of employees need to sort out difference of opinion with mutual respect and patience. The whole process involves emotions, insight, and proceedings that are experienced in three levels. There is a necessity to address the differences in the mind of the employees by removing the negative experience and shifting it to a positive one (Ahamefula, 2014). The conflicts at the workplace demotivate the morale of the employees. Hence managerial interference is important to resolve the disputes caused at various level. Starbucks rely on the wisdom of their leader Schultz which is based on addressing to internal issue through his transformational leadership skills. The disputes are addressed at a preliminary level. In a large sized organization like Starbucks with global presence it has become important to manage dissimilarity of opinion by removing politics from the grass root level. Politics in the organization causes commotion in the mind of employees. In such a situation it is advised to the leader to take over the situation by addressing to the employees and the partners. For addressing the issue Starbucks has developed an atmosphere which is builds on setting responsibility for each individual while delegating responsibility. Direct distribution of duty at Starbucks has a proper relevance with delegating the authority. Schultz actively participates in addressing the conflicts. For Starbucks it has become important to take significant measures through stringent organizational culture to address the issues occurring at different places. Starbucks has moreover framed policies accordingly to meet the contingencies occurring due to internal disputes due to problems. Effects on the organization culture and effectiveness Conflicts are obvious at a place where people work under a team. Each individual has a different set of opinion under the right set of situation. The differences among the employees can escalate the conflict. Conflict management helps in determining whether it will works in the team's advantage, or adds to its failure. One can choose to disregard it, protest against it, can hold responsible someone for it, or try to handle it with deals and mutual consent. Otherwise one can directly elucidate what is going on and can challenge to arrive at a verdict in the course of ordinary methods like cooperation or negotiation. It's understandable that disagreement has to be managed with a constructive plan or else it's too simple to get dragged into the quarrel and generate smooth superior confusion. Starbucks has more than 20,000 stores and they have a prime objective to provide equivalent services to each of its store located at different corner. They come across majority of conflict and issues due to diversity of employees. Politics at the workplace effect the growth of the organization. In most of the companys political interference has affected the overall growth. Conflict resolution is a difficult task in a large organization to coordinate the function. In such a situation it is suggested to handle the dispute under the leadership of an efficient leader. Howard Schultz has based his thinking on critically analyzing the issues according to the necessity of the organization. Conflict is an obvious phenomenon taking place in a large size organization. The primary focus is to find out a way to resolve the dispute in order to draw a conclusion (Brown and Trevio, 2006). In the present scenario the decision related to an organization are taken by the management to redress the inte rnal issues. Impact Of leadership on Organizational Culture Leader sat Starbucks are treated as an ordinary member and every individual at work is given equal representation. The organizational culture of Starbucks is managed efficiently under the guidance of Howard Schultz. The leaders are involved in planning, controlling and provides direction to the subordinates. They do not consider themselves separately while managing the organization. The staff at Starbucks work together in order to create sustainable profit. Starbucks has developed an atmosphere in order to help the employees in achieving individual and organizational objective (Frankson.2017). Organizational culture is very important to address the conflicts occurring in the organization. Starbucks faces issues due to diversity in employees. It is necessary to achieve the organizational goals due to cultural interference. Conflicts and disputes are part of an organization which cannot be separated due to difference in opinion. It is recommended that the organization should try to address the issues at an initial level so it helps them to undertake the regular duties efficiently. Moreover it is the duty of the manager to resolve the disputes occurring at the ground level in an efficient manner in order to achieve a desired result. Starbucks work globally and it is essential to manage the consistency throughout. Dispute should be resolved first handedly by the mangers in order to create a healthy environment. Howard Schultz has inculcated a model that focus on resolution of internal dispute in an efficient manner through mutual agreement. However at times when the situation is difficult to be handled then senior manager should interfere in order to resolve the dispute (Barak, 2013). The culture of the organization helps in managing dispute occurring at different level. Culture clarity is necessary in an organization in order to avoid problems occurring in internal working of the organization (Pendola.2014). Every employee at Starbucks has given a clear division of work. The duty of each employee is set already by the team manager in order to achieve high level of productivity. Starbucks motivates a culture of social energy in order to guide the organizational leader to behave as per the instructions of the leader. This is one of the significant way to avoid conflicts at workplace. Division of duty as per the caliber of the employees provide them to achieve effective result. The organization support working in a cohesive atmosphere in order to achieve desired results. Starbucks inspire and support mutual cooperation at workplace by training the employees. Howard Schultz has imbibe effective organizational culture in the employees. This has helped the organization to obey the behavioral norms as mentioned in the mission and vision statement. It is already operating more than 20,000 stores across globe. They are trained to provide efficient quality of services by ignoring the conflict inside the organization. Behavioral norms include following the organizational culture by motivating each employee. Starbumcks has motivated a cooperative environment inside the organization by significantly helping them to sustain in the changing environment. The success of the organization depend upon the culture needs and consistency. Starbucks culture promotes effective communication at different level. All the employees in Starbucks stores are called as partners so that they can communicate with each other effectively. The manager, store manager and assistant mana ger effectively make a management group twice a week in order to redress the issues. Around 80% of the working time of manager is carried out to communicate between partners that motivates effective productivity. The manager at Starbucks is responsible to improve employees communication skills. They provides trainings to the employee by providing them with thank card which is an effective tool to motivate the employees effectively. Schultz understand that, the success of the organization depend upon the employees satisfaction. It enhances overall productivity (Meyer.2015). Conclusion Conflicts and disputes are the essential part of an organization due to existence of people with different opinion. Leadership in that case helps in dealing with the problem that occurs in a regular course of business. Starbucks is worldwide renowned name due to its especially coffee. The organization faces conflicts and disputes on a regular basis. Disputes occur internally and externally and need to be resolved with an efficient technique. The organization is following a stringent problem resolution structure that is efficient enough to address multiple issues at a grassroots and top level. It is advised that an organization should plan strategies in an efficient manner that helps in resolving multiple issues occurring on a day today business. Its observed that the organization that has an efficient risk management system can attain the objectives in an easy manner whereas those organization which do not have a proper risk addressing procedure faces problem at multiple levels. Star bucks has however successfully implemented conflict resolution in their internal process. This has helped them to attain efficiency. Conflict management has become an important component in managing external dispute through negotiation. Under such a competitive atmosphere it has become an important task to overcome the issue to achieve a sustainable environment. This has become evident through the case study of Starbucks. References Ahamefula, O.P., 2014.Conflict Management in the Workplace(Doctoral dissertation, [sn]). Aritzeta, A., Ayestaran, S. and Swailes, S., 2005. Team role preference and conflict management styles.International Journal of conflict management,16(2), pp.157-182. Barak, M.E.M., 2013.Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Bass, B.M. and Riggio, R.E., 2006.Transformational leadership. Psychology Press. Brown, M.E. and Trevio, L.K., 2006. Ethical leadership: A review and future directions.The leadership quarterly,17(6), pp.595-616. Business Ethics And Compliance,2016. Online. Available at: https://www.starbucks.in/about-us/company-information/business-ethics-and-compliance Accessed on 3 January 2017. Chandrasekar, K., 2011. Workplace environment and its impact on organisational performance in public sector organisations.International Journal of Enterprise Computing and Business Systems,1(1), pp.1-16. De Dreu, C.K. and Beersma, B., 2005. Conflict in organizations: Beyond effectiveness and performance.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,14(2), pp.105-117. DeChurch, L.A., Hamilton, K.L. and Haas, C., 2007. Effects of conflict management strategies on perceptions of intragroup conflict.Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice,11(1), p.66. Frankson, S.2017. The Culture Case Study of Starbucks. (Online). Available at:https://shaunfrankson.com/starbucks/Accessed on: 11 January 2017. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. and McKee, A., 2013.Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Hill,C and Jones, G.2007. Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach. Cengage Learning Kaushal, R. and Kwantes, C.T., 2006. The role of culture and personality in choice of conflict management strategy.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,30(5), pp.579-603. Meyer,P.2015. Starbucks Coffee Companys Organizational Structure. (Online). Available at:https://panmore.com/starbucks-coffee-company-organizational-structureAccessed on: 11 January 2017 Michelli, J.A., 2006.Starbucks experience. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Moore, C.W., 2014.The mediation process: Practical strategies for resolving conflict. John Wiley Sons. Morais, U.P., Pena, J., Shacket, K., Sintilus, L., Ruiz, R., Rivera, Y. and Mujtaba, B.G., 2014. Managing Diverse Employees at Starbucks: Focusing on Ethics and Inclusion.International Journal of Learning and Development,4(3), pp.35-50. Nahavandi, A., 2009.The art and science of leadership(pp. 103-104). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Our Company,2016. Online. Available at: https://www.starbucks.in/about-us/company-information Accessed on 3 January 2017. Pendola, R.2014. Howard Schultz Sent This Memo to Starbucks' Store Managers Last Night. (Online). Available at:https://www.thestreet.com/story/12215743/1/howard-schultz-sent-this-memo-to-starbucks-store-managers-last-night.htmlAccessed on: 11 January 2017. Rahim, M.A., 2010.Managing conflict in organizations. Transaction Publishers. Roose,K.2015. The CEO of Starbucks just told baristas to be nice to stressed-out customers because of the stock market crash. (Online). Available at: https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:https://fusion.net/story/187787/stock-market-crash-has-starbucks-customers-stressed-ceo/gws_rd=crei=JDF2WLSfI8zYvAT4oKfgAQAccessed on: 11 January 2017. Schein, E.H., 2010.Organizational culture and leadership(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons. Somech, A., Desivilya, H.S. and Lidogoster, H., 2009. Team conflict management and team effectiveness: The effects of task interdependence and team identification.Journal of Organizational Behavior,30(3), pp.359-378. Starbucks CEO Howard Schultzs memo to employees.2008. (Online). Available at: https://www.seattletimes.com/business/starbucks-ceo-howard-schultzs-memo-to-employees/ Accessed on: 11 January 2017. Storey,J., Wright,P. and Ulrich,D.2009. The Routledge Companion to Strategic Human Resource Management. Taylor Francis

Literature Review Essays - Drinking Culture, Health, Neuroscience

Literature Review Kerrice Lawrence St. Mary's University College Most philosophers believe that behaviors are not inborn, but rather, developed by means of habits. Teaching imparts virtue , and it is believed that every child who is taught, including the bad ones, would be better than those that have never been taught. Bad behavior is associated with lack of education and low social status , while c ollege attendance is mos tly associated with self-improvement and upward mobility ( Parker-Pope, 2008) . However, f indings from different research studies tell a different story . Surprisingly, university/ college students are more likely to behave badly than their non-college-attending peers ( Parker-Pope, 2008) . P aper will give a critical review of research studies on the bad behaviors such as suicide, drugs, alcohol, health risks, and cannabis use of university/college students . Research by A r ria, O'Gr ady, Caldeira, Vincent, Wilcox and Wish (2009) states that s uicide is the second leading killer of college students and the third leading killer of youths aged 1 5 to 24 years. It accounts for approximately 1,100 student deaths annually (Arria et al., 2009). Suicide ideation is believed to be an important precursor to completed suicide and attempted suicide cases . The research was aimed at estimating the predictive ability of various suspected risk factors, their interactions on suicide ideation among college students , and the intervention . Specifically, the study's goals were to estimate the prevalence of suicide ideation among college students, and to develop a multi-dimensional explanatory model that explains college suicide ideati on. The study employed a face-to-face interview method. The results showed that depression is a clear risk factor for suicide ideation. Lack of social support was also a prominent risk factor for suicide ideation among college students. The study also found that parent-student relationships were very significant in suicide ideation among college students. The likelihood of suicide ideation increased with h igher levels of conflict with parents. Preventive factors identified included parental supervision, spending time together as a family, and family cohesion . The risk factors identified by most students included poor communication between students and parents, low parental approval, low perceived support, and family dysfunction. Besides family conflict, suicide ideation among college students is linked to lower family cohesion , higher emotional unavailab ility of the parents, and lower security in the students' current attachments to parents (Arria et al., 2009) . The study also linked suicide ideation among college students to social support , affective dysregulation, and other fac tors such as alcohol use disorders (AUD). This study, however, was limited to a single public university , thus the results may not be generalized to all students in other areas or i n small private universities or colleges. Besides, the study did not consider several factors that contribute to suicide ideation among college students. Such factors include stressful life events like troubled relationships and other personal, p rofessional, and academic problems , financial struggles, and family problems . Psychological disorders like anxiety have also been linked to suicide ideation among college students, though not included in this study. For most students, transition between adolescence and adulthood occurs during the university or college life. This life is characterized by high levels of stress as the students try to adjust to increased academic demands and new social environments. The social support networks also undergo drastic changes during this per iod, such as the separation from home and parents. P revious study by Arria et al. (2 009) used the interview method while Neighbors, Lee, Lewis, Fossos and Larimer (2007) use the survey approach to talk about bad behaviors . Neighbors et al. (2007) illustrated that h eavy alcohol consumption is a prevalent and problematic behavior among college students . About 40%-45% of college students in U.S. engage in heavy episodic drinking. The effects of heavy drinking among college students include academic problems, criminal behavior, injuries, unwanted sexual experiences, and deaths. This study was aimed at evaluating the relati ve contribution of social norms, drinking motives, demographics, and alcohol expectancies in predicting the alcohol consumption and the related problems among the heavy-drinking college students (Neighbors et al., 2007). The study employed a screening

Hot Career Trucking Dispatcher

Hot Career Trucking Dispatcher though trucking is one of the most in-demand professions today due to the increasing demands of local shipping needs, the newest, shiniest fleet of big rigs can’t run itself- it needs drivers, and just as important, it needs dispatchers! and, as the folks at careersingear.com know, it needs good dispatchers.dispatchers typically have the following responsibilities:arranging loads for pickup and delivery and coordinating with the driversdetermining which truckers and vehicles are appropriate for each load (looking at both vehicle specifications and driver qualifications)determining routes for drivers making multiple stopsscheduling loads by urgencyusing radio/cb, phone and computer to distribute assignmentsgathering data for reports, records, and vehicle logs to compile statisticssome dispatchers work locally or regionally, and others specialize in long-distance hauls- their purview may include coordinating with different forms of transportation, such as barges, planes and trac tor-trailers.a great dispatcher will also be good with people, have a cool head in a stressful situation, be well-organized and efficient, focused and flexible, and be prepared to adapt quickly to changes on the job. as of may 2014, the job salary ranges from $38k to $60k a year, depending on employer and the specialized responsibilities of the individual dispatchers.the majority of dispatchers can be found in california, texas, new york, florida, and illinois. 80% of dispatchers have their high school diploma or ged; there is no college course of study, but you can sign up for specific training program or train on the job. plenty of truckers recommend gaining some experience on the road before stepping behind the mic- it’ll build your credibility and provide valuable situational expertise.apply here:  top trucking dispatcher jobs  salary and job outlook of dispatchers for trucking companiesread more at news.careersingear.com

Public Policy - Asian American (ethic studies) Essay

Public Policy - Asian American (ethic studies) - Essay Example opulation is characterized by at least three other demographic features; emergent patterns of geographic dispersion, historic patterns of geography concentration and an on-going pattern of striking population diversity. Similar to the assertion of Ali Shariati, (Emerson 67) affirms that through the public policy and Asian Americans, most Asian Americans have attained freedom after comprehending how historical forces operate and have shaped their lives. Issues of sentencing of the coloreds, racial profiling, and abuse of women were rampant in the past. However, after pushing for freedom, it culminated into the Public policy and Asian Americans; thus, historical issues of oppression have been appropriately dealt with. Social class and class structure is prison to human beings. In a demographic survey conducted to identify the geographic distribution of Asian Americans, it became apparent that pacific islanders, a group of Asians were mainly concentrated in urban areas. Mos t of them shared common values and had similar social class structure unlike lower-income Asians. In relation to the final prison, human beings by nature have a diverse range of choices to make in life. In support of this (Emerson 87), notes that we are free as human beings either to act in the right way or wrong way. This depends on the personal choices we make in life either to cause harm or good to others. This is a prison that has been facing most Asian Americans. According to the public policy and Asian Americans, Asian youth gangs work in conjunction with gangs. Groups have thus been established to work with corrective action departments in order to sensitize police officers on issues that are specific to Asian American youth. In order to consolidate power, hegemony is necessary if not a prerequisite condition. However, contrary to the observation made by Ali Shariati, the best hegemony is one attained through consent of individuals involved. Emerson (89), bases her argumen t on

Financial Accounting and Control System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Accounting and Control System - Essay Example The company uses online platforms to assist in delivery services as orders are placed online. Associated British Foods is an international company with diversification into retail, ingredients and food. It is present in 47 countries on different continents, that is, Southern Africa, Asia, Europe, the Americas and Australia (Associated British Foods plc., 2014, p.2). The company operates in five different segments, each dealing with different products. The segments include retail, agriculture, grocery, sugar and ingredients. The sugar segment produces and sells sugar while the agriculture segment focuses on providing farmers with farm implements while buying their produce to supply manufacturers, processors and retailers (Associated British Foods plc., 2014, p.23). Through Primark, the retail segment operates retail outlets that up-to-date fashion merchandise in different countries. The grocery segment deals in groceries such as cereals and spices. The ingredients segment on the other hand deals with yeast and baking ingredients. It also deals with yeast extracts, lipids, and enzymes. In terms of the profit margin and the gross margin ratio, Associated British Foods has higher ratios comparative to Dairy Crest. That may indicate that Associated British Foods generates more profits than Dairy Crest (Fridson and Alvarez, 2011). Associated British Foods’ Return on Assets is higher than that of Dairy Crest. However, Dairy Crest has a higher return on capital employed and a higher return on equity. That may indicate that dairy crest is better when it comes to maximizing resources to generate profits (Bragg, 2012). The liquidity ratios indicate that Dairy Crest is in a better position to meet its obligations as they become due comparative to Associated British Foods. Dairy Crest registers higher liquidity ratios. From the ratios, it may be seen that although Associated British Foods

Costa Coffee Essay Example for Free

Costa Coffee Essay The remote environment comprises factors that originate beyond and usually irrespective and out of Costa Coffees control. Economic factors Since Costa Coffee is a multinational business, top-level managers must consider the economic situations on both the National (Egypt) and International levels. Currencies exchange rate (Forex) affects Costa Coffees final products prices as well as operation costs. Costa Coffee imports high quality coffee beans from rainforest farms where it pays for in local currency, and sells as coffee in another country with its local country. Hence, when the Egyptian Pound depreciates, the cost of beans relatively increases; therefore, causing a fall in profit margin and vice versa. If depreciation is too much, then Costa might increase its selling prices. Moreover, interest rate is vital for a business considering expansion as Costa Coffee. As interest rates increase, Costa Coffee’s ability and willingness to expand or open new branches decreases; due to the high cost of capital. Furthermore, the stock market plays a significant role in encouraging investors to invest in Costa Coffee due to the increasing profits and the good reputation. Finally, high economic growth rate of a country leads people to increase their consumption of Costa Coffees products; since they have more income. Social Factors Egyptians’ culture and lifestyle has dramatically changed in the last 10 years. People are more willing to go to cafes for lunch, dinner or simply a snack. Considering the Egyptian demographics of lifestyle and age groups, most of the Egyptian population falls in the youth age group. Hence, Costa Coffee plays music and offers an atmosphere that is convenient for all ages with special attention to youth. Costa Coffee respects the religion of each nation in which it operates. To clarify, Costa Coffee neither sells alcoholic drinks nor pork-containing food. In addition, Costa Coffees menu is written in both English and Arabic languages. English is the most widely spoken language, and Egypt is known as a touristic attraction. Plus, Egyptians like to come across a menu written in their own language for simplicity and showing cultural respect. Also, many people nowadays are concerned with their health; Costa Coffee is providing low-calorie food, a variety of fresh salads, sandwiches, and fresh fruit juice. Political Factors Governmental rules and regulations could affect the firms suppliers and the price of the raw materials. Imposed taxes or tariffs on the imported coffee beans add to raw materials cost. Rules regarding social insurance add to labor costs. Political instability and strikes do affect labor and consumers of Costa Coffee. Technological Factors Advanced machines affect the firms performance and efficiency through producing tasty coffee as quick as possible. High quality and speed of service affects customer satisfaction and loyalty. Costa Coffee uses highly advanced brewers and coffee makers for the best coffee cup. Besides, the use of the Internet to facilitate transactions between Costa and its suppliers lowers transaction costs and decreases lead time. As a result, stakeholders are more satisfied with increased profits and lower costs. Ecological Factors Costa Coffee uses recyclable paper bags and paper cups. And, it tries to reduce its energy consumption as steps towards a greener environment. It also ensures adherence to responsible farming practices, so that natural habitats are protected thereby reducing deforestation and carbon emissions. Furthermore, Costa is working to deliver green (LEED) certification for new stores beginning later this year and is working closely with its suppliers to develop more environmentally friendly packaging. Industry Environment Operating Environment A firm’s operating environment is related to environmental factors that directly affect the firm and its success in obtaining necessary resources. Yet, they are still factors beyond its area of control. 1. Competitors Costa coffee in Egypt faces high direct competition where around almost every corner in the cities, a coffee shop exists. Therefore, product differentiation is a must, and persistent high-quality is the way to keeping customers. Whichever Costa Coffee shop you enter, you are greeted the same, indulge in the same taste and pay what you see in the menu. Menu prices are tax inclusive which is different than most of other coffee shops. Competitors include, but are not limited to, Starbucks Coffee, Cilantro and Beano’s cafe. Creditors Costa’s past payment records and working capital position are the main attributes affecting creditors decisions. Considering the Egyptian markets, banks are not rare to find. Costa might be dealing with several banks, and may be granted loans from several areas. Hence, creditors have little leverage; since interest rates are controlled by central bank of Egypt as well. Customers Costa coffee is a service firm. Therefore, its utmost goal is customer satisfaction and loyalty to yield profits. Constantly monitoring Egypt’s demographics is essential in keeping a convenient atmosphere. For instance, Costa must always recognise what the youth are listening to these days to be able to play the optimum collection of songs in its branches while abiding by the brand’s image. Accessibility of location and parking spaces are of the main issues regarded by people when deciding on their hang-outs. And, the customer buyer behaviour of whether they prefer more salads and sandwiches rather than desserts; affects how much of each should be available at Costa’s branches. Labor Costa’s reputation and image is kept through its workers. Costa has to respect labor rights especially now that people are more aware of the rights than ever before. Also, Costa has to be selective in its waiters and baristas to keep the brand’s image and reputation. As a result of Costa’s reputation, highly-qualified workers apply for jobs at Costa Coffee. Suppliers Supplier relationships are as important as customer relationships. A good supplier relationships decreases yield time and enhances firm’s productivity. In Costa’s case, supplier power is not high as Costa has multiple suppliers, with low switching costs. However, supplier relationships are well-attended to at Costa Coffee; as part of its social responsibility towards coffee-growing countries.